Smart SoHo, Proxy Server

Hi here is my new one

Smart SoHo, Proxy Server

Smart SoHo
However, smaler busineses
(between 2 and 25 computers) might not have
the free hardware or expertise to instal and
maintain Squid.

SoHo busineses should have some-
thing Windows-based—easily
instaled tool. Proxyserver machine is just another computer on the network
that the person with the Internet connection
uses. Now Windows can also share a connec-
tion over the Network. The Windows Internet Connection Sharing
,with Proxy+
Will resulting slow surfing speeding up for everyone.

Proxyserver software not only share Net
connections; but also cache files to save band-
width,act as a firewall and much more.

Proxy+ is both free Proxy+ configurations can be
paid versions.
Start > Programs > Proxy+ > Guide, orbrowsers to be set port 4480 touse the proxy,
online at www.proxyplus.net/doc/en/proxyguide.htm.


Dialup
If you are on dialup, or even broadband dialup
(PPoE), you don’t want to leaveit connected al
the time. Using Proxy+, you can choose to only
dial a connection when someone on the network
tries to acess a site or use a protocol. You have the liberty to
even choose which protocols activate dialing.
Go to Dialing > General and select your
Anti-virusplugins for Proxy+connection—Proxy+wilidentifyandlistalavail-
able connections you have here automaticaly—
Then pres LAN Settings... . Uncheck and click Save.

Alternatives

FreeProxySquid
Available from www.handcraftedsoftware.org, FreProxy is, free!

Plugins
Plugins available for Proxy+. By clicking on the BacktoStatuslink,and then clicking Plugins.
Check the Use Plugins box, then click on Plugin Setings. You can observe
which plugins are available by clicking Registered Plugins. Here can
find Avast4,AVG6, MP3Saver, NOD32,and more. You can also have option to add more.

Conclusion:
Make sure you try the free version of Proxy+ before you decide
to buy it .You can save save band-
width and time and instalaproxyserver for your organisation.

freewares

Hi here is my new one

1 Best Free Web Browser

[1] http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/ (5.6MB)
Install Firefox Extensions
http://update.mozilla.org/extensions/
Install Plug-ins
http://plugindoc.mozdev.org/windows.html
See Firefox Keyboard Shortcuts
http://texturizer.net/Firefox/keyboard.html
Firefox pretty much like Internet Explorer however if you want to make it even more like IE
http://www.Firefoxie.net
Firefox Problem Solving
http://texturizer.net/firefox/faq.html

[2] http://www.opera.com/ (4.6MB)

[4] http://www.maxthon.com/index.htm (1.9MB)

[5] http://www.avantbrowser.com/ (1.86MB)

[6] http://kmeleon.sourceforge.net/ (6MB)

************************************************************************************

2 Best Free Anti-Virus Software

[1] http://www.free-av.com/ (8.7MB)
[2] http://free.grisoft.com/freeweb.php/doc/2/ (16.0MB)
[3] http://www.avast.com/eng/avast_4_home.html (8.8MB)
avast! External Control (also known as AEC)
: http://www.excessive-software.eu.tt
[4] http://www.bitdefender.com/PRODUCT-14-en--BitDefender-8-Free-Edition.html (13.2MB)
[5] http://www.activevirusshield.com/antivirus/freeav/index.adp? (13.9MB)



**************************************************************************************

3. Best Free Standalone Scanner

[1]Malicious Software Removal Tool
[2] Multi Virus Cleaner 2007
[] ClamAV for USB

*****************************************************************************************

4. Best Free Adware/Spyware/Scumware Remover

[1] http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=435bfce7-da2b-4a6a-afa4-f7f14e605a0d&displaylang=en ( 6.4MB)
legal version of Windows XP SP2 and modern PC required
[2] http://www.spywareterminator.com/ (2.3MB)
works with all versions of Windows
[3] http://www.javacoolsoftware.com/spywareblaster.html Freeware, all Windows version, 2.5MB
Users of earlier Windows versions may want to check out ,SpywareBlaster is most effective with Internet Explorer
[4] http://www.javacoolsoftware.com/spywareguard.html Freeware, All Windows versions, 913KB


******************************************************************************************

5. Best Free Virtualisation Software

[1] http://www.celceo.com/index.php?src=prodabt
[2] http://www.sandboxie.com/ Free for personal use, Win2K and later, 310KB


********************************************************************************************

6. Best Free Firewall

[1] http://www.personalfirewall.comodo.com/ (8MB)requires Windows 2000 or XP SP2.
very robust and it comes with a well designed intrusion detection system as well,supports internet connection sharing
[2] http://www.sunbelt-software.com/Kerio.cfm (7.3MB)
product will also nag you every time you start it.
[3] http://www.jetico.com/index.htm#/jpfirewall.htm[ (2.7MB)
[4] http://www.netveda.com/consumer/safetynet.htm (6.3MB)
performance is quite outstanding and it offers application control and content filtering as well, for experienced users
[5] http://www.zonelabs.com/store/content/company/products/znalm/freeDownload.jsp (9.0MB)
First it is a very basic product compared to the commercial ZoneAlarm Pro version


*********************************************************************************************

7. Best Free Trojan Scanner/Trojan Remover

[1] http://www.ewido.net/en/download/ (6.17MB)works with Windows 2000 and later
Note: The free version of AVG Anti-Spyware is actually the same as the paid version but after 30 days the active protection (i.e. memory monitor) becomes non-functional, automatic updates are disabled and kernel level self protection is turned off.
[2] http://www.emsisoft.com/en/software/free/ (13.2MB) for Win 9X users


**********************************************************************************************

8. Best Free Rootkit Scanner/Remover

[1] http://www.pandasoftware.com/products/antirootkit/ Freeware, Windows 2K, XP.353KB
alt. download http://www.majorgeeks.com/Panda_Anti-Rootkit_d5457.html
[2] http://www.microsoft.com/technet/sysinternals/utilities/RootkitRevealer.mspx Freeware, All Windows, 231KB,
for experienced user,
consult the SysInternals RootkitRevealer forum http://www.sysinternals.com/Forum/default.asp
[3]http://www.gmer.net/ Freeware, Windows NT/ 2K/XP/Vista, 450KB ,For experienced users top recommendation
[4] http://majorgeeks.com/Icesword_d5199.html freeware, Windows NT/2K/XP, 2.1MB
[5] http://www.softpedia.com/get/Antivirus/DarkSpy-Anti-Rootkit.shtml Windows 2K/XP/2003, 626KB

***********************************************************************************************

9.Best Free Disk De-fragmenter

[1] http://www.majorgeeks.com/Diskeeper_Lite_d1207.html (older and free version from Executive Software's) Freeware, all Windows versions,12.1MB
There are few complaints about the annoying nag screen. the nag screen can be removed by following the instructions

you can get version 9 of Diskeeper Lite. It forms an element of Intel's large (89MB) Desktop Utilities package which can be downlaodable from the Intel site below . If you unzip the file you'll see Diskeeper V9 Lite in the folder ../3rdparty/Diskeeper/. I it seems perfectly legitimate way to obtain the program on a single computer . Download from here .
http://www.intel.com/design/motherbd/software/idu/ (89MB)
[2] http://www.auslogics.com/disk-defrag/index.php Freeware, all Windows versions, 1.4MB
fast, has a nice disk map, lots of stats and is really easy to use,pretty basic ,simple and speed.
[3]http://www.kessels.com/JkDefrag/JkDefrag-3.26.zip(402kb) for Windows 2000/2003/XP/Vista
http://www.kessels.com/JkDefrag/JkDefrag64-3.26.zip(391kb) for Windows X64
Free (released under the GNU General Public License) disk defragment ,Completely automatic and very easy to use, fast, low overhead, with several optimization strategies, and can handle floppies and USB disks/sticks. Included are a Windows version, a commandline version (for scheduling by the task scheduler or for use from administrator scripts), a screensaver version, a DLL library (for use from programming languages), and versions for Windows X64. and scheduler option.
{4] http://www.microsoft.com/technet/sysinternals/utilities/Contig.mspx Freeware, NT and later, 55KB
a robust, free, command line utility which defrags one file at a time. It's fast, and safe ,eXcessive software has built an excellent user interface for Contig called "Power Defragmenter" Download from below .
http://www.excessive-software.tk/ Freeware, NT and later, 397KB

Online Armor Security Suite

Hi here is my new one

Online Armor Security Suite


It is a revolutionary product that protects against Spyware, Malware, Trojans and Phishing attacks. Online Armor uses a unique conjuction of behaviour analysis and white list of safe programs.It is a positive way to stop the Spyware, Malware, Trojans and Phishing attacks. Instead of pattern-matching known malicious applications, which requires an enormous database, Online Armor looks at the methods used by these programs to infect your computer. By focusing on behaviours and methods of attack, it is able to detect any program which uses that method of attack. This means that it is relatively easy to keep up to date with threats, ensuring that detection mechanisms are created quickly and rolled out.

When Online Armor detects a new program or potentially unwanted behaviour, the user is immediately alerted and can prevent the program running. The extensive white list prevents unnecessary pop-ups, making Online Armor quick, simple and unobtrusive.
Starting with version 2, Online Armor now includes a powerful personal firewall - with a standard and basic mode and many advanced features for expert users. This fire wall is alos available in the free version.
The basic working of Online Armor is as stops Spyware before it gets on to your computer. It stops programs running unless you give them permission, and it stops them using the internet unless you want them to.
Online Armor's key characteristics are:
• NEW in version 2! Powerful two-way personal firewall
• NEW in version 2! Manage Automatically starting programs ("Autoruns")
• NEW in version 2! Advanced "Kernel Mode" protection
• Prevent unknown or untrusted programs from running on your computer
• Monitors extensions to Internet Explorer and lets you remove them
• Filters known security exploits out of your email
• Detects and prevents keyloggers from recording your passwords
• Removes dangerous content from web sites you visit to avoid your web browser being hi-jacked
• Delete files created by programs you no longer trust
• Checks ways in which programs can subvert your system to trick you into visiting dangerous sites.
• Doesn't require advance knowledge of dangerous programs in order to detect them.
• Online Armor hardens your computer system against outside assaults and helps to guard your information and privacy. Online Armor hardens your computer system against outside assaults and helps to guard your information and privacy.

Online Armor is copyright ©2005-2007 Tall Emu Pty Ltd.


Online Armor provides a number of layers of defence

Firewall - Online Armor protects your computer from external attack and stops private data leaking from your computer. For everyday users, Online Armor firewall is almost silent and very, very easy to use, it also gives some relevant informations about the server connections of various external servers and also packet sent and received and it is very intuitutive and also userfriendly . Advanced users will be pleased by the powerful options available in "Advanced Mode".
Banking Mode - Restricts your computer from only connecting to legitimate sites while you're online banking.(It is a great feature)
Program Guard - Puts you in control of your computer. No program can run unless you give it permission to do so, and you can always change your mind later. For example, if you decide to let a program run which then starts behaving badly, you can "Deny" it permission to run - and optionally delete any files it created. Again, Online Armour maintain a list of safe/dangerous programs to make it easier for you to decide what to trust.
Key Logger Detector - Online Armor detects programs which record keystrokes. If anything with this behaviour gets past your anti-virus or firewall program, Online Armor will alert you. Some programs legitimately perform actions that could be mistaken for a keylogger - we keep a list of these safe, trusted applications which is downloaded to your computer to avoid bothering you with unnecessary popup windows. (This page is disabled in free version)
Browser settings monitoring - Online Armor protects you from unauthorized modification of your web browser settings by external programs.
Hosts-file monitoring - Online Armor allows you to to set restrictions for your system host file so that to control its modification by malicious programs.(Great feature)
Autoruns Manager - Online Armor monitors the system and alerts you when programs are set to automatically start - and lets you control them. Many dangerous programs try to automatically start when you log in to windows. When a program registers itself as automatically starting, Online Armor™ warns you and gives you the chance to modify this behavior. If the program is on the "Safe" list of programs, this warning is not displayed.
Online Armor is capable of showing all startup programs, although by default it only shows ones that do not appear on the central "Trusted Application List"
Mail Shield - Online Armor filters your incoming email. If Online Armor detects a suspect email, it will alert you (not available in free version)
Web Shield - Online Armor protects you from following fake web links and automatically removes dangerous content from websites that are not marked as trusted. (not available in free version)

Why does Online Armor work this way?
It's nearly impossible to keep track of individual malicious programs in real time. In order for an anti-virus product to detect these applications they first needs to be detected and reported to the anti-virus company (or infect one of the machines that these companies have).
Since Online Armor observes behaviours (i.e. detecting a key logger) rather than hunting for programs that are known to contain key loggers, it can detect malicious programs before your antivirus product can.


Online Armor service facilities

Online Armor updates
Online Armor provides the mechanism of automatic and manual update and thus ensures that the techniques used by the software to keep the bad guys out remain up to date. In free version only manual update avaialbale.
There are two possible types of Online Armor updates:
• Application update, when a new version of Online Armor itself or of scanning components is available. The Online Armor™ executable files will then be loaded to your computer and the application will automatically restart.
• Data bank update, when there is new configuration information available in general database used by Online Armor.
The Online Armor data bank updates happen regularly. They normally do not take much time or traffic.
Online Armor Support
Online Armor support is only provided through the support forums on the Tall Emu website, please visit http://www.tallemu.com for more details.
Contact

Tall Emu Pty Ltd
Level 6, 99 York Street
Sydney NSW 2000
Telephone: +61-(02) 9299 9959

IZArc

E-mail Shortcuts

Hi here is my new one

AFAIK—As Far As I Know
ASAP—As Soon As Possible
BTW—By The Way
FAQ(s)—Frequently Asked Question(s)
FWIW—For What It’s Worth
FYI—For Your Information
GDR—Grinning, Ducking and Running
HTH—Hope This Helps
IAC—In Any Case
IANAL—I Am Not A Lawyer
IMHO—In My Humble Opinion
IOW—In Other Words
LOL—Laughing Out Loud
NDA—Non-Disclosure Agreement
OTOH—On The Other Hand
PITA—Pain In The Axiom
QA—Quality Assurance
Q&A—Question &Answer
ROFL—Rolling On the Floor ,Laughing
RTFM—Read The Fine Manual
TIA—Thanks In Advance
TS—Tech Support
TTFN—“Ta Ta For Now” (àla Tigger from Winnie the Pooh)
WAD—Works As Designed
WRT—With Respect To

about windows xp

CPUS USED IN PERSONAL COMPUTERS


• Intel Processors

• AMD Processors

• Cyrix Procesors

• Motorola Processors

• RISC Processors



INTEL PROCESSORS

•Since 1978, Intel's processors have evolved from the
8086 and the 8088 to the 80286, 80386, and 80486, to
the Pentium family of procesors. Al are part of the
80x86 line.

•Intel's Pentium family of procesors includes the
Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium with MMX, Pentium
II, Pentium II, Pentium IV, Celeron, and Xeon
procesors.

•The earliest Intel procesors included only a few
thousand transistors. Today's Pentium procesors
include 9.5 milion transistors or more.

•Intel knows that big numbers are impressive so they
have focused on developing faster procesors as
opposed to beter processors. Intel's processors
perform wel in streaming multimedia type
applications, but they do not perform quite as wel in
ofice or productivity type applications.

•Under the Intel name there are 2 main consumer
lines: the Pentium, and the Celeron. The major
diference between these two is the fact that the
Celeron's contain less internal cache. Internal cache is like temporarystorage within the procesor itself, it
gives the processor a shorter time between command
executions.


AMD PROCESSORS

• Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) was long known as a
provider of lower-performance procesors for use in
low-cost computers.

AMD performs beter for productivity or ofice based
applications like word procesing, web browsing, and
email. AMDs are also typicaly cheaper than Intels.

• With its K6 line of procesors, AMD chalenged Intel's
procesors in terms of both price and performance.

• With the K6-III processor, AMD broke the 600 MHz
barrier, claiming the "fastest processor" title for the
first time in IBM-compatible computers.



CYRIX PROCESSORS

• Cyrix began as a specialtychip maker, but eventualy
began producing microprocessors.

• Cyrix processors are most commonly used in low-
price, low-end consumer PCs.

• Cyrix formerly produced the MediaGX processor, and
nowproduces the MII series of processors.



MOTOROLA PROCESSORS

• Motorola makes the CPUs used in Macintosh and
PowerPC computers.

• Macintosh procesors use a diferent basic structural
design (architecture) than IBM-compatible PC
procesors.

• With the release of the G3 and G4PowerPC processors,
Macintosh computers set new standards for price and
performance.


MOTOROLA PROCESSORS

• Motorola makes the CPUs used in Macintosh and
PowerPC computers.

• Macintosh procesors use a diferent basic structural
design (architecture) than IBM-compatible PC
procesors.

• With the release of the G3 and G4PowerPC processors,
Macintosh computers set new standards for price and
performance.



CISC AND RISC PROCESSORS


•Every CPU has the built-in ability to execute a
particular set of machine instructions, caled its
instruction set.

•Most CPU have 200 or more instructions (such as
add, subtract and compare) in their instruction set.

•CPU made by diferent manufacturer have diferent
instruction sets.

•When new CPU is developed it is ensured that its
instruction set includes al the instructions in the
instruction set of its predecessor CPU, plus some new
ones : upward compatibility

•MostPCsare based on complexinstructionset computing
(CISC)chips which containlargeinstructionsets.

•CSIC procesorsareCPUwith largeinstructionsets, variable-
lengthinstructionsand varietyofaddresing modes.

•Reducedinstructionsetcomputing(RISC)procesors use
smalerinstructionsets. Thisenables them to proces more
instructionspersecond than(CISC) chips.

•RISC procesorare CPUs with asmal instruction sets,fixed
lengthinstructions.

•RISC procesorsarefound in Apple'sPowerPC systems,as wel
as many H/PCs, workstations, minicomputers,and mainframes.

•EPIC Procesors (Explicitly ParalelInstruction Computing)
technology is fast emerging as the technologyforthenext
generationprocesors.HP andIntel havealready adopted itin
defining their 64-bit ISA knownas IA-64



PARALEL PROCESSING

•In paralel processing, multiple procesors are used in a
single system, enabling them to share procesing tasks.

•In a massively paralel processor (MPP) system, many
procesors are used.

•Some MPP systems utilize thousands of processors
simultaneously.


**************************************************************


Database Management Systems and Enterprise Software



Databases and Database Management Systems - The Diference between Databases and DBMSes

•A database is a repository for colections of related data or facts.

•A database management system (DBMS) is a software tool that lets users add, view, and work with the data in a database.

•Large databases and DBMS’ are commonly used by companies, but many productivity applications are built around database concepts.





Databases and DBMSes - Database Basics

Databases use three main structures for organizing
data:

•Fields, which store various pieces of data related to a single entity.

•Records, or colections of fields relating to an entity.

•Tables, which are colections of related records.

The two primary types of databases are flat-file databases (with only one table) and relational databases (with multiple, related tables).




Databases and DBMSes - DBMS Basics

A DBMS alows users to access and manage the data colected in a database.

Data management tasks (al done through the DBMS) can be divided into three categories:

•Entering data into the database.

•Sorting (rearranging) thedata in the database.

•Obtaining subsets of the data for use.

• Colection of interrelated data : DATABASE
• Set of programs to access the data : DBMS
• DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
• DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and eficient to use.



• Database Applications:

– Banking: al transactions

– Airlines: reservations, schedules

– Universities: registration, grades

– Sales: customers, products, purchases

– Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain

– Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions


• Databases touch al aspects of our lives




• In the early days, database applications were
built on top of file systems
• Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
– Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
diferent files
– Difficulty in accessing data
• Need to write a new program to cary out each new task
– Data isolation — multiple files and formats
– Integrity problems
• Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance> 0) become
part of program code
• Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones




Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)

• Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)

– Atomicity of updates

• Failuresmay leave databasein an inconsistent state with partial updates caried out

• E.g.transferof funds from oneaccounttoanother should either complete or not happenat all

– Concurent acces by multiple users

• Concurentacesednededforperformance

• Uncontroled concurentacesescan lead toinconsistencies

– E.g.twopeoplereading abalanceand updating it at thesame time

– Security problems

• Database systems offer solutions to al the above problems



Data Definition Language (DDL)

• Specification notation for defining the database schema

• DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary

• Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data)

– database schema

– Data storage and definition language

• languagein whichthestoragestructure and aces methodsused by the database system are specified

• Usualy an extensionofthe datadefinitionlanguage





Data Manipulation Language (DML)

• Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the appropriate data model

– DML also known as query language

• Two classes of languages

– Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get those data

– Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required without specifying how to get those data


• SQL is the most widely used query language




Database Users

• Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system

• Application programmers – interact with system through DML cals

• Sophisticated users – form requests in a database query language

• Specialized users – write specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data processing framework

• Naïve users – invoke one of the permanent application programs

– E.g. people accesing database over the web, bank telers, clerical staf




Database Administrator

• Coordinates al the activities of the database system; the database administrator has a good understanding of the enterprise’s information resources and needs.

• Database administrator's duties include:

– Schema definition

– Storage structure and access method definition

– Schema and physical organization modification

– Granting user authority to acces the database

– Specifying integrity constraints

– Acting as liaison with users

– Monitoring performance and responding tochanges in requirements




Working With a Database

• Creating Database Tables

• Viewing Records

• Sorting Records

• Querying a Database

• Generating Reports





Creating Database Tables

• The first step in building a database is to create its tables. This means identifying, naming, and organizing its fields to receive data.

• Databases can store the folowing types of fields:

• You can create forms that let you view and enter data for one record at a time.

• Database tools such as masks can validate data as it is entered and thus ensure the data is in the correct format.


Viewing Records

• A filter is a tool that lets you view records that match a given criteria.

• Filters are helpful when searching for certain types of information in a large database with many records.

• A form can work with a filter, but enables you to view information about a single record.



Sorting Records

• Sorting means arranging the records in a database.

• A DBMS enables you to sort records alphabeticaly, numericaly, and chronologicaly.

• You can sort records in ascending (A-Z) order or descending (Z-A) order.






Querying a Database

A query is a statement you define, which tels the DBMS to find records that match criteriayou specify.

Modern DMBS software provides built-in querying tools, based on one or more of the folowing languages:

• SQL

• Query by Example (QBE)

• Xbase



Generating Reports

• A report is a subset of information from a database, produced in printed form.

• You can generate the data for a report by using a query, filter, or other tools.

• Reports can be formated in a wide variety of ways.



Enterprise Software

•Enterprise software is a large-scale application based
on a DBMS, used by a large organization.

•Enterprise software can meet the needs of many
diferent users in diferent locations.

•In an enterprise, diferent users by have diferent
interfaces to the database, so they can work only with
the data they need.



How Networks are Structured


OSI Model

• Application layer : File Transfer, access

• Presentation layer : Data encryption, Compression

• Session : Resynchronization

• Transport: Error detection and recovery

• Network: Logical addressing, Routing

• Data Link: Framing, Physical Addressing

• Physical Layer : Network card, Cabling




Local Area Networks (LANs)


• A LAN is a network whose computers are located relatively near one another. The nodes may be connected by a cable, infrared link, or smal transmiters.

• A network transmits data among computers by breaking it into smal pieces, caled packets.

• Every LAN uses a protocol – a set of rules that governs how packets are configured and transmited.


Wide Area Networks (WANs)

• Multiple LANs can be connected together using devices such as bridges, routers, or gateways, which enable them to share data.

• A WAN is two or more LANs connected together. The LANs can be many miles apart.

• To cover great distances, WANs may transmit data over leased high-speed phone lines or wireless links such as satelites.



Server-Based Networks


• In addition to the individual users' PCs (nodes), many networks use a central computer, caled a server.

• A server has a large hard disk for shared storage. It may provide other services to the nodes, as wel.

• In a file server network, nodes can acces files on the server, but not necessarily on other nodes.



Client/Server Networks

•In client/server computing, individual nodes share the processing and storage workload with the server.

•Client/server networks require specialized software that enables nodes and the server to colaborate on processing and storage, but no special type of network hardware.


Peer-to-Peer Networks

•In a peer-to-peer network, al nodes have an equal relation to one another.

•Each node usualy has access to some resources on other nodes, so users can share files, programs, or deviceson other users' systems.

•Some peer-to-peer networks use a server, but some do not.


Network Topologies for LANs

A network's topology is the layout of the cables and devices that connect the nodes. The four most common network topologies are:

•Bus. Each node is connected in series along a single conduit.

•Star. Al nodes are connected to a central hub.

•Ring. Nodes are connected in a circular chain, with the conduit beginning and ending at the same computer.

•Mesh. Each node has a separate connection to every other node.


________________________________________________________-MEASURING DRIVE PERFORMANCE


1. AVERAGE ACCESS TIME

•In storage devices, average acces time (or seek
time) is thetime required for a read/write head to
move to a spot on the storage medium.

•For storage devices, access time is measured in
miliseconds (ms), or thousandths of a second. In
memory, access time is measured in nanoseconds
(ns), or one-bilionths of a second.

•Diskete drives ofer an average access time of 100
ms. Hard drives are faster, usualy between 6 – 12
ms.



2. FILE COMPRESSION

•File compression technologyshrinks files so they take
up less disk space.

•Using a compression utility, you can shrink multiple
files into a single archive file.

•Utilities such as Windows' DriveSpace enable you to
compress the entire contents of yourhard disk.



3. DATA-TRANSFER RATE

•Data-transfer rate (or throughput) measures the time
required for data to travel from one device to another.

•If a device transfers 45,000 bytes per second, its data-
transfer rate is 45 KBps.

•Hard disks ofer the fastest data-transfer rates of any
storage device.



4. DRIVE-INTERFACE STANDARDS

•Al PCs use a disk controler as an interface between
a disk drive and the CPU. The two most common
interface standards are EIDE and SCSI.

•EIDE has evolved over the years and has several
variants, al of which have diferent names.

•SCSI is a faster, more flexible drive-interface
standard found in high-performance computers.




_______________________________________________________


Network Media and Hardware


• In a network, the media are the wires, cables and other means by which data travels from its source to its destination.

• The most common network media are twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and wireless links.

• Each node uses a special device, caled a network interface card (NIC). The card connects to the network media and controls the flow of data.

• NICs must use a common network technology to communicate. The most popular network technologies for LANs are Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Token Ring.



Data Transfer Mode


Refers to the direction of signal flow between two linked devices


• Simplex: Unidirectional flow. The information flows in one across the circuit, with no capability to support response in the other direction.


• Half –Duplex : Each communicating device can receive and transmit information but not at the same time.


• Ful-duplex : It alows the communicating devices to transmit and receive data simultaneously





Data Communication Measurement

The amount of datathat can be transmited over a network at any given time. Bandwidth may be measured in bits per second (bps) or in hertz (Hz) Fundamentaly bandwidth refers to the maximum volume of information that can be transfered over any communication medium.


The level of bandwidth fals into three categories :


Narrowband : Thereisa single transmission channel of 64 Kbps or less. There can be also be a number of 64 Kbps transmission (N x 64 kbps) but not more than 1.544 Mbps

Wideband : Bandwidth capacity lies between 1.5444 Mbps – 45 Mbps


Broadband : The bandwidth capacity is equal to 45 Mbps



Transmission media


• Guided :uses a cabling system thatguides thedata signal alongaspecific
path. Therearefourbasictypes of guidedmedia:Open wire, twisted pair,coaxial cableandoptical fiber

• Unguided :datasignalflowsthrough theairRadio frequency propagation -

Groundwave propagation( carierfrequencies upto 2MHz.)

Ionospherepropagation(frequency rangeof30 -85MHz)

Microwave -Microwavetransmisionisline ofsighttransmision. This setsalimit onthe distance betwen stations depending onthe local geography. Typicaly line of sight dueto earth’scurvature is only50 km to the horizon.

Satelite-It is also a kind of line of sight transmision. These are set ingeostationary orbitsdirectlyover theequator, which rotates in synchronization to earth and hence look stationary from any point on earth. These are placed 36,000 km above the earth’s surface. The communication is caried out through uplinks and downlinks.




Network Media and Hardware


• HUB : A smal box that connects individual devices on a network so tat they can communicate with one another. It operates by gathering the signal from
individual networkdevices, optionaly amplifying the signal, and then sending them onto al other connected device.

• Switch : Like a hub, Switch too connects individual devices on a network so that they can communicate with one another. They are capable ofinspecting thedata packets, and forwardingthat packet appropriately. Hub, in contrast broadcast al information to each connected computer, whether or not that computer is the intended receipt.

• Bridge : It inspects incoming trafic and decides whether to forward or discard it. The bridge regenerates the incoming frame signal and checks the
address of the destination and forwards the new copy only to the segments towhich the addres belongs.

• Router : Router is an essential network device for interconnecting two or more networks. Router’s sole aim is to trace the best route for information to travel. A router creates and or maintains a table, caled routing table that stores the best routes to certain network destination.


• Gateway : An internetworking device, which joins two diferent network protocols together. It is also caled protocol converter. It accepts the packet formated forone protocol and converts the formated packet into another protocol.


*******************************************************************88Network Software

A network operating system (NOS) is the group of programs that manages the resources on a network.Common network operating systems for PC-based networks include:

•Novel NetWare

•Microsoft Windows NTServer

•Microsoft Windows 2000

•Banyan VINES

•AppleShare

•Linux
Network Topologies for LANs

A network's topology is the layout of the cables and
devices that connect the nodes. The four most common
network topologies are:

•Bus. Each node is connected in series along a
single conduit.

•Star. Al nodes are connected to a central hub.

•Ring. Nodes are connected in a circular chain,
with the conduit beginning and ending at the
same computer.

•Mesh. Each node has a separate connection to
every other node.


OPERATING SYSTEM BASICS



• The User Interface

• Running Programs

• Managing Files

• Managing Hardware

• Utility Software



The User Interface



- Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)


•Most modern operating systems, like Windows and
the Macintosh OS, provide a graphical user interface
(GUI).

•A GUI lets youcontrol the system by using a mouse
to click graphical objects on screen.

•A GUI is based on the desktop metaphor. Graphical
objects appear on a background (the desktop),
representing resources you can use.



-GUI Tools


• Icons are pictures that represent computer
resources, such as printers, documents, and
programs.

• You double-click an icon to choose (activate) it, for
instance, to launch a program.

• The Windows operating system ofers two unique
tools, caled the taskbar and Start buton. These
help you run and manage programs.



-Applications and the Interface


• Applications designed to run under one operating
system usesimilarinterface elements.

• Under an OS such as Windows, you see a familiar
interface no mater what programs you use.

• In a GUI, each program opens and runs in a separate
window—a frame that presents the program and its
documents.

• In a GUI, you can run multiple programs at once,
each in a separate window. The application in use is
said to be the active window.



-Menus


•GUI-based programs let you isue commands by
choosing them from menus.

•A menu groups related commands. For example, the
File menu's commands let you open, save, and print
document files.

•Menus let you avoid memorizing and typing
command names.

•In programs designed for the same GUI, menus and
commands are similar from one program to another.



-Dialog Boxes


•A dialog box is a special window that appears when
a programor the OS needs more information
before completing a task.

•Dialog boxes are so named because they conduct a
"dialog" with the user, asking the user to provide
more information ormake choices.



-Command-Line Interfaces

• Some older operating systems, such as DOS and
UNIX, use command-line interfaces.

• In a command-line interface,you type commands at a
prompt.

• Under command-line interfaces, individual
applications do not need to look or function the same
way, so diferent programs can look very diferent




Running Programs



-Basic Services

•The operating system manages al the other
programs that run on the PC.

•The operating system provides services to programs
and the user, including file management, memory
management, and printing

•To provide services to programs, theOSmakes
system cals—requesting other hardware and
software resources to perform tasks.


- Sharing Information

• Some operating systems, such as Windows, enable
programs to share information.

• You can create data in one program and use it again
in other programs without re-creating it.

• Windows provides the Clipboard, a special area that
stores data cut or copied from one document, so you
can re-use it elsewhere.


-Multitasking

•Multitasking is the capability of running multiple
proceses simultaneously.

•A multitasking OSlets you run multiple programs at
the same time.

•Through multitasking, you can do several chores at
one time, such as printing a document while
downloading a file from the Internet.

•There are two types of multitasking: cooperative and
preemptive.




Managing Files



• The operating system keeps track of al the files on
each disk.

• Users can make file management easier by creating
a hierarchical file system that includes folders and
subfolders arranged in a logical order.



Managing Hardware


•The OS uses interrupt requests (IRQs) to maintain
organized communication with the CPU and other
pieces of hardware.

•Each hardware device is controled by a piece of
software, called a driver, which allows the OS to
activate and use the device.

•The operating system provides the software necessary
to link computers and form a network.



Utility Software


A utility is a program that performs a task that is not
typically handled by the operating system.

Some utilities enhance the operating system's
functionality.

Some of the major categories of utilities include:
• File defragmentation
• Data compression
• Backup
• Antivirus
• Screen savers


_____________________________________________________

Presentation Programs


Presentation Program Basics

•Presentation Programs and Their Uses

•The Presentation Program's Interface

•Creating a Presentation

•Formating Slides

•Special Features of Presentation Programs





Presentation Programs and Their Uses


•Presentation programs are used tocreate slides–single-screen images that contain text, graphics, charts, and more.

•A colection of slides is caled a presentation.

•A presentation program lets you create a set of slides and show (present) them to an audience.




The Presentation Program's Interface


Presentation programs provide many of the same editing and formating tools found in word processors and other common applications.



Presentation Program Basics -
Creating a Presentation

• To create a presentation, you can select a predesigned
template to create a common look for the slides.

• Individual slide elements appear inside text boxes and
.frames.

• You can easily add text or graphics to a box or frame,
and move or resize it as needed.






Formating Slides

You can format a slide by choosing diferent:

•Fonts and font sizes

•Colors

•Backgrounds

•Borders

To resize a frame or text box, click it, then drag one of its handles.




Special Features

Presentation programs provide several special features:

•Outlining—for contents, arrangement and order.

•Annotations—notes to individual slides.

•Animation—moving transitions to parts of a slide.

•Sound and video—audio or multimedia enhancement.

•Embedded objects—WWW links.

•HTML conversion—presentations on the Web.



Integrating Multiple Data Sources in a Presentation



•One can add diferent media types, such as audio or video files, to a slide.

•If you present your slides from the PC's disk and have the appropriate output devices, you can present multimedia elements in a slide show.




Presenting Slide Shows

You can print slides and present them on a slide or overhead projector.

You also can display slides directly from the PC's disk, with the folowing advantages:

•You can present them in any order you like.

•You can display slides on the PC's monitor, project them on a screen, or connect the PC to a TV or large monitor.

•You can move from slide to slide manualy, or automate the presentation.

_____________________________________________________________________________
RUNNING PROGRAMS

1. BASIC SERVICES

2. SHARING INFORMATION

3. MULTITASKING


1. Basic Services

• The operating system manages al the other programs that run on the PC.
• The operating system provides services to programs and the user, including file management, memory management, and printing
• To provide services to programs, theOSmakes system cals—requesting other hardware and software resources to perform tasks.



2. Sharing Information

• Some operating systems, such as Windows, enable programs to share information.
• You can create data in one program and use it again in other programs without re-creating it.
• Windows provides the Clipboard, a special area that stores data cut or copied from one document, so you can re-use it elsewhere.


3. Multitasking

• Multitasking is the capability of running multiple proceses simultaneously.
• A multitasking OSlets you run multiple programs at the same time.
• Through multitasking, you can do several chores at one time, such as printing a document while downloading a file from the Internet.
• There are two types of multitasking: cooperative and preemptive.


__________________________________________________________--




Spreadsheet Software



Spreadsheet Programs and Their Uses

• Spreadsheets provide tools for working with numerical data.

• You can use a spreadsheet program to create budgets, balance sheets, and other types of number-based documents.

• You can display your information in a traditional row-and-column format, or in a chart.




The Spreadsheet's Interface

•In a spreadsheet program, you work in a document caled a worksheet. You can colect multiple worksheets into a file caled a workbook.

•Most Windows-based word spreadsheets ofer a similar set of tools, including a formula bar, where you can enter and edit data.

•Data is displayed in cels. A cel is the intersection of a row and column.

•Each cel has a cel address – the combination of the cel's column leter and row number.





Entering Data in a Worksheet- Types of Data

You enter four types of data in a worksheet's cels:


•Labels-text or numbers not used in calculations.

•Values-numbers that can be used in calculations.

•Dates-a necesary part of most worksheets.

•Formulas-commands to perform calculations based on numbers or formulas.





Entering Data in a Worksheet- Formulas and Functions


•If a formula uses a value in another cel, the formula contains a cel reference, or the addres of the referred cel.

•Formulas can refer to entire ranges (or blocks) of contiguous cels as wel as individual cels.

•A function is a predefined formula, which the spreadsheet provides to perform a specific type of calculation. You provide arguments that tel the function what data to use.




Editing and Formatting a Worksheet


•Spreadsheets provide many of the same editing and
formating tools found in word processors.

•You can change, copy, move, and delete the data in
any cel.





Relative and Absolute Cel References


•If a formula uses a relative cel reference, it automaticaly dates if (copied or moved), to a diferent place.

•An absolute cel reference always refers to thesame cel even if the formula is moved to a diferent place.



Adding Charts


• A chart is a graphical representation of the data in a worksheet.

• Spreadsheets provide tools that make it easy to create a chart from worksheet data.

• You can use many diferent types of charts, and apply many efects to a chart, to present your data in the most appropriate way.





Analyzing Data in a Spreadsheet

Three commonly used data-analysis tools are:

•What-if analysis, which lets you test scenarios to see
how each afects the result.

•Goal seeking, which finds values that make the
result meet your specifications.

•Sorting, which lets you arrange the worksheet's
data in various ways.



______________________________________________________________________________

THE USER INTERFACE



1. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)


•Most modern operating systems, like Windows and
the Macintosh OS, provide a graphical user interface
(GUI).

•A GUI lets youcontrol the system by using a mouse
to click graphical objects on screen.

•A GUI is based on the desktop metaphor. Graphical
objects appear on a background (the desktop),
representing resources you can use.



2. GUI Tools


• Icons are pictures that represent computer
resources, such as printers, documents, and
programs.

• You double-click an icon to choose (activate) it, for
instance, to launch a program.

• The Windows operating system ofers two unique
tools, caled the taskbar and Start buton. These
help you run and manage programs.



3. -Applications and the Interface


• Applications designed to run under one operating
system usesimilarinterface elements.

• Under an OS such as Windows, you see a familiar
interface no mater what programs you use.

• In a GUI, each program opens and runs in a separate
window—a frame that presents the program and its
documents.

• In a GUI, you can run multiple programs at once,
each in a separate window. The application in use is
said to be the active window.



4. -Menus


•GUI-based programs let you isue commands by
choosing them from menus.

•A menu groups related commands. For example, the
File menu's commands let you open, save, and print
document files.

•Menus let you avoid memorizing and typing
command names.

•In programs designed for the same GUI, menus and
commands are similar from one program to another.



5. -Dialog Boxes


•A dialog box is a special window that appears when
a programor the OS needs more information
before completing a task.

•Dialog boxes are so named because they conduct a
"dialog" with the user, asking the user to provide
more information ormake choices.



6. -Command-Line Interfaces

• Some older operating systems, such as DOS and
UNIX, use command-line interfaces.

• In a command-line interface,you type commands at a
prompt.

• Under command-line interfaces, individual
applications do not need to look or function the same
way, so diferent programs can look very diferent
_____________________________________________________________
The Uses of a Network

A network connects computers so they can communicate, exchange information, andshareresources.The main benefits of using a network are:

•Simultaneous Access

•Shared Peripheral Devices

•Personal Communication

•Easier Backup





Simultaneous Access

• In organizations, many people may need to use the same data or programs. A network solves this problem.

• Shared data and programs can be stored on a central network server. A server that stores data files may be caled a file server.

• Managers may asign access rights to users. Some users may only be able to read data, others may be able to make changes to existing files.




Shared Peripheral Devices

•Because peripheral (external) devices like printers can be expensive, it is cost-efective to connect a device to a network so users can share it.

•Through a process caled spooling, users can send multiple documents (caled print jobs) to a networked printer at the same time. The documents are temporarily stored on the server and printed in turn.



Personal Communication


• One of the most common uses of networks is for electronic mail (e-mail).

• An e-mail system enables users to exchange writen mesages (often with data files atached) acros the local network or over the Internet.

• Two other popular network-based communications systems are teleconferencing and videoconferencing.




Easier Backup

• Networks enable managers to easily back up (make backup copies of) important data.

• Administrators commonly back up shared data files stored onthe server, but may also use the network to back up files on users' PCs.

TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES

1. CATEGORIZING STORAGE DEVICES

2. MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES

3. OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES




1. CATEGORIZING STORAGE DEVICES

• Storage devices hold data, even when the computer is turned of.

• The physical material that actualy holds data is caled a storage medium. The surface of a floppy disk is a storage medium.

• The hardware that writes data to or reads data from a storage medium is caled a storage device. A floppy disk drive is a storage device.

• The two primary storage technologies are magnetic and optical.



The primary types of magnetic storage are:

• Disketes (floppy disks)

• Hard disks

• High-capacity floppy disks

• Disk cartridges

• Magnetic tape



The primary types of optical storage are:

• Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)

• Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory (DVD-ROM)

o CD-Recordable (CD-R)

• CD-Rewritable (CD-RW)

• PhotoCD




2. MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES



- How Magnetic Storage Works

• A magnetic disk's medium contains iron particles, which can be polarized—given a magnetic charge—in one of two directions.

• Each particle's direction represents a 1 (on) or 0 (of), representing each bit of data that the CPU can recognize.

• A disk drive uses read/write heads containing electromagnets to create magnetic charges on the medium.


-Formatting

• Before a magnetic disk can be used, it must be formated—a process that maps the disk's surface and determines how data wil be stored.

• During formating, the drive creates circular tracks around the disk's surface, then divides each track into sectors.

• The OS organizes sectors into groups, caled clusters, then tracks each file's location according to the clusters it occupies.



-Disk Areas

When a disk is formated, the OS creates four areas on its surface:

• Boot sector – stores the master boot record, a smalL program that runs when you first start (boot) the computer.

• File alocation table (FAT) – a log that records each file's location and each sector's status

• Root folder – enables the user to store data on the disk in a logical way

• Data area – the portion of the disk that actualy holds data



-Diskettes

• Diskete drives,alsoknown as floppy disk drives, read and write to disketes (caled floppy disks or floppies).

• Disketes are used to transfer files between computers, as a means for distributing software,and as a backup medium.
• •Disketes come in two sizes: 5.25-inch and 3.5-inch.



-Hard Disks

• Hard disks use multiple platers, stacked on a spindle. Each plater has two read/write heads, one for each side.

• Hard disks use higher-quality media and a faster rotational speed than disketes.

• Removable hard disks combine high capacity with the convenience of disketes.


-Disk Capacities

• Disketes are available in diferent capacities, but the most common store 1.44 MB.

• Hard disks storelarge amounts of data. New PCs feature hard disks with capacities of 10 GB and higher.



-Other Magnetic Storage Devices

• High-capacity floppy disks ofer capacities up to 250 MB and the portability of standard floppy disks.

• Disk cartridges are like smal removable hard disks, and can store up to 2 GB.

• Magnetic tape systems ofer very slow data access, but provide large capacities and low cost.



3. OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES


-How Optical Storage Works

• An optical disk is a high-capacity storage medium.
• An optical drive uses reflected light to read data.
• To store data, the disk's metal surface is covered with tiny dents (pits) and flat spots (lands), which cause light to be reflected diferently.
• When an optical drive shines light into a pit, the light cannot be reflected back. This represents a bit value of 0 (of). A land reflects light back to its source, representing a bit value of 1 (on).


-CD-ROM

• In PCs, the most commonly usedoptical storage technology is called Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM).

• A standard CD-ROM disk can store up to 650 MB of data, or about 70 minutes of audio.

• Once data is writen toa standard CD-ROM disk, the data cannot be altered or overwriten.


-CD-ROM Speeds and Uses

• Early CD-ROM drives were caled single speed, and read data at a rate of 150 KBps. (Hard disks transfer data at rates of 5 – 15 MBps).

• CD-ROM drives now can transfer data at speeds of up to 7800 KBps. Data transfer speeds are geting faster.
• CD-ROM is typicaly used to store software programs. CDs can store audio and video data, as wel as text and program instructions.


-DVD-ROM

• A variation of CD-ROM is caled Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory (DVD-ROM), and is being used in place of CD-ROM in many newer PCs.

• Standard DVD disks store up to 9.4 GB of data—enough to store an entire movie. Dual-layer DVD disks can store up to 17 GB.

• DVD disks can store so much data because both sides of the disk are used, along with sophisticated data compression technologies.


-Other Optical Storage Devices

• A CD-Recordable (CD-R) drive lets you record your own CDs, but data cannot be overwriten once it is recorded to the disk.

• A CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) drive lets you record a CD, then write new data over the already recorded data.

• PhotoCD technology is used to store digital photographs.

*******************************************************
Upgrading Your PC

Introduction

EARLIER IT IS THE PEROGATIVE OF COMPUTER ENGINEERS AND WITH DUE COURSE OF TIME AND WITH THE VAAILABILITY OF MUCH INFORMATIONS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES AND AWARENESS AMONG PUBLIC , THE FEAR PSYCHOSIS IS REDUCING AMONG THE LAYMAN. AS THE NATURE OF MAN ALWAYS TO EXPLORE THE IN EVITABLE AND THIS VERY REASON COMPELLS THE MAN TO STEP IN THIS DIRECTION OF COURSE AFTER GARNERING ENOUGH KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESSES.


• THE IMPORTANT THINGS YOU MUST BE RMEMEBERING AND TAKING CARE OF BEFORE UPGRADING YOUR PC.

CHECKPC shutdown INTERVALS AND ALSO SEE IF IT IS HANGING ON FOR WHATSO EVER NO REASON TO BE PUT ON THE TABLE . KEEP THE POWER SUPPLY LIKE CAPACITOR OR SOME OTHER COMPONENT CHECKED.
OVER HEATING MAY BE ONE OF THE PROBLEM AND IN THIS CASE OYU MAY ADD ONE MORE FAN OR ALSO KEEP THE WIRED CABLES IN THE PROPER ORDER SO THAT WIND MAY NOT BE BLOCKED IN BETWEEN.

AND GET A HARD DISK FAN. THIS CAN BE MOUNTED EITHER DIRECTLY ABOVE THE HARD DISK OR RIGHT IN FRONT OF IT. IF IT IS MOUNTED ABOVE THE HARD DISK, IT WILL TAKE UP THE SPACE OF ONE IDE DRIVE, BUT IT WILL BE WORTH IT. CAN DO ANOTHER SIMPLE THING TO INCREASE THE LIFE OF YOUR HARD DISK: GO TO THE POWER SAVER SETTINGS IN WINDOWS AND SET THE HARD DISKS TO TURN OF AFTER 3, 5, OR 10 MINUTES OF IDLING.

IF YOUR WINDOWS RUNNING SLOWLY THAT YOU HAVE ANTICIAPTED THEN TRY TO BUY MORE RAM , AS JUST REMEMEBR THAT WINDOWS XP TAKES LOTS OF RAM TO RUN MORE SMOOTHLY , HP WILL BE HAPPIER TO RECEIVE MORE AND MORE RAM , SO MAKE IT 512 MB OR 1 GB AND FOR THIS TEEL YOUR VENDOUR ALL THE REQUIREMENTS AND HE WILL BE TELLING YOU THE CAPAPCITY OF RAM WHICH YOUR REQUIRES.


IF YOU HAVE THE OLD COMPUTER WITH COMAPRATIVE GOOD SPEAKERS AND SOUND QUALITY NOT HIGH THEN CHECK OFR THE NEW SOUND CARD THAT MAY WORK WELL FOR THIS CASE .

IF YOU PC IS TAD SLOW THEN MAKE A THROUGH SCAN WITH THE FULLY UPDATED PROFESSIONAL VURIS SCANNER AND ALSO ANTI SPYWARE SCANNER AND ALSO RUN CCLEANER TO CLEAN THE UNNECESSRY FILES , AS SIMPLY UPGRADING THE PROCESSOR WILL NOT WORK YOU HAVE TO SEE THE ALL THE REQUIREMENTS SO THST SYSTEM WILL FUNCTION NORMAL AND SMOOTH.

CHOOSE THE RIGHT COMBINATIONS OF ANTI VIRUS, ANTI SPYWARE , FIREWALL AND HIPS AND FOR THIS SEE MY EARLIER ARTICLES AND IN THE MARKET LOTS OF FREEWARE AVAILABLE WHICH YOU DONONT HAVE TO SPEND A PIE FOR FULL PROOF SEUCURITY. AS WRONG COMBINATIONS OF THESE SECURITY PRODUCTS MAY CAUSE THE PC TO RUN SLOW SOME TIMES.



IF YOU SYSTEM IS REBOOTING CONSTANT LY THEN UPGRADE TO WINDOWS XP AS IT IS MORE STABLE IN FACT ABOVE 90 PC MORE STABLE THAN THE WINDOWS 98.

Working With a Database

• Creating Database Tables

• Viewing Records

• Sorting Records

• Querying a Database

• Generating Reports





Creating Database Tables

• The first step in building a database is to create its tables. This means identifying, naming, and organizing its fields to receive data.

• Databases can store the folowing types of fields:

• You can create forms that let you view and enter data for one record at a time.

• Database tools such as masks can validate data as it is entered and thus ensure the data is in the correct format.


Viewing Records

• A filter is a tool that lets you view records that match a given criteria.

• Filters are helpful when searching for certain types of information in a large database with many records.

• A form can work with a filter, but enables you to view information about a single record.



Sorting Records

• Sorting means arranging the records in a database.

• A DBMS enables you to sort records alphabeticaly, numericaly, and chronologicaly.

• You can sort records in ascending (A-Z) order or descending (Z-A) order.






Querying a Database

A query is a statement you define, which tels the DBMS to find records that match criteriayou specify.

Modern DMBS software provides built-in querying tools, based on one or more of the folowing languages:

• SQL

• Query by Example (QBE)

• Xbase



Generating Reports

• A report is a subset of information from a database, produced in printed form.

• You can generate the data for a report by using a query, filter, or other tools.

• Reports can be formated in a wide variety of ways.



Enterprise Software

•Enterprise software is a large-scale application based
on a DBMS, used by a large organization.

•Enterprise software can meet the needs of many
diferent users in diferent locations.

•In an enterprise, diferent users by have diferent
interfaces to the database, so they can work only with
the data they need.

Working With a Database

• Creating Database Tables

• Viewing Records

• Sorting Records

• Querying a Database

• Generating Reports





Creating Database Tables

• The first step in building a database is to create its tables. This means identifying, naming, and organizing its fields to receive data.

• Databases can store the folowing types of fields:

• You can create forms that let you view and enter data for one record at a time.

• Database tools such as masks can validate data as it is entered and thus ensure the data is in the correct format.


Viewing Records

• A filter is a tool that lets you view records that match a given criteria.

• Filters are helpful when searching for certain types of information in a large database with many records.

• A form can work with a filter, but enables you to view information about a single record.



Sorting Records

• Sorting means arranging the records in a database.

• A DBMS enables you to sort records alphabeticaly, numericaly, and chronologicaly.

• You can sort records in ascending (A-Z) order or descending (Z-A) order.






Querying a Database

A query is a statement you define, which tels the DBMS to find records that match criteriayou specify.

Modern DMBS software provides built-in querying tools, based on one or more of the folowing languages:

• SQL

• Query by Example (QBE)

• Xbase



Generating Reports

• A report is a subset of information from a database, produced in printed form.

• You can generate the data for a report by using a query, filter, or other tools.

• Reports can be formated in a wide variety of ways.



Enterprise Software

•Enterprise software is a large-scale application based
on a DBMS, used by a large organization.

•Enterprise software can meet the needs of many
diferent users in diferent locations.

•In an enterprise, diferent users by have diferent
interfaces to the database, so they can work only with
the data they need.

**********************************************************88

Computer Platforms Used for Graphics


•The Macintosh started the era of art on the PC in 1984. With its mouse and GUI, the Mac quickly became popular with designers.

•With the release of Windows, PCs caught up with the Mac in terms of graphics capabilities. Designers routinely use PCs and Macs together.

•Because of their power and cost, workstations are used only for the most demanding graphics applications.

Features of the Internet



•The World Wide Web

•E-Mail

•News

•Telnet

•File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

•Internet Relay Chat (IRC)



The World Wide Web


•The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet,which supports hypertext documents, alowing users to view and navigate diferent types of data.

•A Web page is a document encoded with hypertext markup language (HTML) tags.

•HTML alows designers to link content together via hyperlinks.

•Every Web page has anaddress, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).


E-Mail


•Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most popular reason people use the Internet.

•To create, send, and receive e-mail mesages, you need an e-mail program and an account on an Internet mail server with a domain name.

•To use e-mail, a user must have an e-mail address, which you create by adding your user name to the e-mail server's domain name.



News

•One Internet-based service, caled news, includes tens of thousands of newsgroups.

•Each newsgroup hosts discussions on a specific topic. A newsgroup's name indicates its users' special topic of interest, such as alt.food.cake.

•To participate in a newsgroup, youneeda newsreader program that lets you read articles that have been posted on a news server. You can post articles for others to read and respond to.


Telnet

•Telnet is a specialized service that lets you use one computer to acces the contents of another computer –a Telnet host.

•A Telnet program creates a "window" into the host so you can access files, issue commands, and exchange data.

•Telnet is widely used by libraries, to alow visitors to look up information, find articles, and so on.




File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

•File transfer protocol (FTP) is the Internet tool used to copy files from one computer to another.

•Using a special FTP program or a Web browser, you can log into an FTP host computer over the Internet and copy files onto your computer.

•FTP is handy for finding and copying software files, articles, and other types of data. Universities and software companies use FTP servers to provide visitors with access to data.



Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

•Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a service that alows users to communicate in real time by typing text in a special window.

•Like news, there are hundreds of IRC "channels," each devoted to a subject or user group.

•You can use a special IRC program to participate in chatroom discusions, but many chatrooms are set up in Web sites, enabling visitors to chat directly in their browser window.

Geting Images into Your Computer

Graphics programs let you start an image from scratch, but designers often use existing images, which they load from various sources.

The four most common sources of digital images are:

•Scanners

•Digital cameras

•Clip art

•Electronic photographs
How the Internet Works


•TCP/IP

•Routing Trafic Across the Internet

•Addressing Schemes

•Domains and Subdomains



TCP/IP

•Every computer and network onthe Internet uses the same protocols (rules and procedures) to control timing and data format.

•The protocol used by the Internet is the Transmision Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP.

•No mater what type of computer system you connect to the Internet, if it uses TCP/IP, it can exchange data with any other type of computer.



Routing Traffic Across the Internet


•Most computers don't connect directly to the Internet. Instead, they connect to a smaler network that is connected to the Internet backbone.

•The Internet includes thousands of host computers (servers), which provide data and services as requested by client systems.

•When you use the Internet, your PC (a client) requests data from a host system. The request and data are broken into packets and travel across multiple networks before being reassembled at their destination.



Addressing Schemes

•In order to communicate acros the Internet, a
computer must have a unique addres.

•Every computer on the Internet has a unique
numeric identifier, caled anInternet Protocol (IP)
addres.

•Each IP addres has four parts – each part a number
between 0 and 255. An IP address might look like
this: 205.46.117.104.



Domains and Subdomains

• In addition to an IP address, most Internet hosts or servers have a Domain Name System (DNS) addres, which uses words.

• A domain name identifies the type of institution that owns the computer. An Internet server owned by IBM might have the domain name ibm.com.

• Some enterprises have multiple servers, and identify them with subdomains.


_______________________________
Internet


The Internet: Then and Now

•The Internet was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and the U.S. Department of Defense for scientific and military communications.

•The Internet is a network of interconnected networks. Even if part of its infrastructure was destroyed, data could flow through the remaining networks.

•The Internet uses high-speed data lines, caled backbones, to carry data. Smaler networks connect to the backbone, enabling any user on any network to
exchange data with any other user.



How the Internet Works


•TCP/IP

•Routing Trafic Across the Internet

•Addressing Schemes

•Domains and Subdomains



TCP/IP

•Every computer and network onthe Internet uses the same protocols (rules and procedures) to control timing and data format.

•The protocol used by the Internet is the Transmision Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP.

•No mater what type of computer system you connect to the Internet, if it uses TCP/IP, it can exchange data with any other type of computer.



Routing Traffic Across the Internet


•Most computers don't connect directly to the Internet. Instead, they connect to a smaler network that is connected to the Internet backbone.

•The Internet includes thousands of host computers (servers), which provide data and services as requested by client systems.

•When you use the Internet, your PC (a client) requests data from a host system. The request and data are broken into packets and travel across multiple networks before being reassembled at their destination.



Addressing Schemes

•In order to communicate acros the Internet, a
computer must have a unique addres.

•Every computer on the Internet has a unique
numeric identifier, caled anInternet Protocol (IP)
addres.

•Each IP addres has four parts – each part a number
between 0 and 255. An IP address might look like
this: 205.46.117.104.



Domains and Subdomains

• In addition to an IP address, most Internet hosts or servers have a Domain Name System (DNS) addres, which uses words.

• A domain name identifies the type of institution that owns the computer. An Internet server owned by IBM might have the domain name ibm.com.

• Some enterprises have multiple servers, and identify them with subdomains.



Features of the Internet



•The World Wide Web

•E-Mail

•News

•Telnet

•File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

•Internet Relay Chat (IRC)



The World Wide Web


•The World Wide Web is a part of the Internet,which supports hypertext documents, alowing users to view and navigate diferent types of data.

•A Web page is a document encoded with hypertext markup language (HTML) tags.

•HTML alows designers to link content together via hyperlinks.

•Every Web page has anaddress, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).


E-Mail


•Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most popular reason people use the Internet.

•To create, send, and receive e-mail mesages, you need an e-mail program and an account on an Internet mail server with a domain name.

•To use e-mail, a user must have an e-mail address, which you create by adding your user name to the e-mail server's domain name.



News

•One Internet-based service, caled news, includes tens of thousands of newsgroups.

•Each newsgroup hosts discussions on a specific topic. A newsgroup's name indicates its users' special topic of interest, such as alt.food.cake.

•To participate in a newsgroup, youneeda newsreader program that lets you read articles that have been posted on a news server. You can post articles for others to read and respond to.


Telnet

•Telnet is a specialized service that lets you use one computer to acces the contents of another computer –a Telnet host.

•A Telnet program creates a "window" into the host so you can access files, issue commands, and exchange data.

•Telnet is widely used by libraries, to alow visitors to look up information, find articles, and so on.




File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

•File transfer protocol (FTP) is the Internet tool used to copy files from one computer to another.

•Using a special FTP program or a Web browser, you can log into an FTP host computer over the Internet and copy files onto your computer.

•FTP is handy for finding and copying software files, articles, and other types of data. Universities and software companies use FTP servers to provide visitors with access to data.



Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

•Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a service that alows users to communicate in real time by typing text in a special window.

•Like news, there are hundreds of IRC "channels," each devoted to a subject or user group.

•You can use a special IRC program to participate in chatroom discusions, but many chatrooms are set up in Web sites, enabling visitors to chat directly in their browser window.


Online Services

• An onlineservice is a company that provides acces to e-mail, discussion groups, databases on various subjects, and the Internet.

• America Online, CompuServe, and Prodigy are examples of popular online services.





Internet-Related Features in Application Programs



•Popular application programs, such as word processors and spreadsheets, feature Internet-related capabilities.

•Using these special features, you may be able to create content for publication on the Internet or view content directly from the Internet.

Internet-Related Features in Application Programs



•Popular application programs, such as word processors and spreadsheets, feature Internet-related capabilities.

•Using these special features, you may be able to create content for publication on the Internet or view content directly from the Internet.

Online Services

• An onlineservice is a company that provides acces to e-mail, discussion groups, databases on various subjects, and the Internet.

• America Online, CompuServe, and Prodigy are examples of popular online services.


_________________________________________________________________The Internet: Then and Now

•The Internet was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and the U.S. Department of Defense for scientific and military communications.

•The Internet is a network of interconnected networks. Even if part of its infrastructure was destroyed, data could flow through the remaining networks.

•The Internet uses high-speed data lines, caled backbones, to carry data. Smaler networks connect to the backbone, enabling any user on any network to
exchange data with any other user.



____________________________________________________________________________Types of Graphics Files

Graphics files can be saved in many diferent ways, but fal into two basic groups:


•Bitmaps

•Vectors

Because graphics programs support so many diferent file formats, compatibility becomes an important issue for designers.



- Bitmaps

•A bitmap is a grid whose cels are filed with a color. If you zoom into a bitmap-based line on the computer's screen, you can see the cels (pixels) that compriseit.

•Bitmaps are sometimes caledraster images or bitmapped images.

•Bitmap software lets you control each pixel in an image. This software keeps track of al the pixels in an image, which may number in the milions.


- Vectors

• A vector is a set of mathematical equations that describe the characteristics of a line or shape.

• A vector-based program does not see a graphical entity as a set of pixels. Instead, the program sees the entity as a set of start and end points, with thicknes, color, and other atributes.


-
File Formats and Compatibility Issues

•A file format is a standardized method of encoding
data for storage.

•There are many diferent file formats for graphics.
Some programs recognize more formats than others
do.

•Some programs cannot use certain file formats. These
files are said to be incompatible with the program.



–Standard File Formats

• To solve incompatibility problems, designers can save bitmap files in one of several standard formats, which can be used in many programs.

• The most commonly used bitmap file formats are BMP, PICT, TIFF, JPEG, GIF, and PNG.

• Most vector programs use their own proprietary file format, but may recognize standard vector formats such as DXF and IGES.

Working with ImagesGraphic Software


Computer Platforms Used for Graphics


•The Macintosh started the era of art on the PC in 1984. With its mouse and GUI, the Mac quickly became popular with designers.

•With the release of Windows, PCs caught up with the Mac in terms of graphics capabilities. Designers routinely use PCs and Macs together.

•Because of their power and cost, workstations are used only for the most demanding graphics applications.




Types of Graphics Files

Graphics files can be saved in many diferent ways, but fal into two basic groups:


•Bitmaps

•Vectors

Because graphics programs support so many diferent file formats, compatibility becomes an important issue for designers.



- Bitmaps

•A bitmap is a grid whose cels are filed with a color. If you zoom into a bitmap-based line on the computer's screen, you can see the cels (pixels) that compriseit.

•Bitmaps are sometimes caledraster images or bitmapped images.

•Bitmap software lets you control each pixel in an image. This software keeps track of al the pixels in an image, which may number in the milions.


- Vectors

• A vector is a set of mathematical equations that describe the characteristics of a line or shape.

• A vector-based program does not see a graphical entity as a set of pixels. Instead, the program sees the entity as a set of start and end points, with thicknes, color, and other atributes.


-
File Formats and Compatibility Issues

•A file format is a standardized method of encoding
data for storage.

•There are many diferent file formats for graphics.
Some programs recognize more formats than others
do.

•Some programs cannot use certain file formats. These
files are said to be incompatible with the program.



–Standard File Formats

• To solve incompatibility problems, designers can save bitmap files in one of several standard formats, which can be used in many programs.

• The most commonly used bitmap file formats are BMP, PICT, TIFF, JPEG, GIF, and PNG.

• Most vector programs use their own proprietary file format, but may recognize standard vector formats such as DXF and IGES.


Geting Images into Your Computer

Graphics programs let you start an image from scratch, but designers often use existing images, which they load from various sources.

The four most common sources of digital images are:

•Scanners

•Digital cameras

•Clip art

•Electronic photographs


Copyright Issues

• Copyright is an important concern if a designer wants to reuse art created by someone else.

• Copyright laws govern the way images can be reused and distributed and thus protect the rights of the images’ owners.

______________________________________________________________________



_____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________